分類學
科: | 犬吻蝠科 (Molossidae) |
屬: | 馬來犬吻蝠屬 (Mops ) |
學名: | Mops plicatus (Buchannan, 1800) |
異名: |
Chaerephon plicatus  (Buchanan, 1800), Dysopes murinus  Gray, 1830, Nyctinomus bengalensis  Desmarest, 1820, Tadarida plicata ssp. insularis  Phillips, 1932, Vespertilio plicatus  Buchannan, 1800 |
本地英文名: | Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat |
其他英文名: | Wrinkle-lipped Bat |
本地中文名: | 皺唇犬吻蝠 |
其他中文名: | 皺唇蝠、犬吻蝠 |
分類註釋: | 非洲犬吻蝠屬(Chaerephon)及馬來犬吻蝠屬(Mops )以往被歸類為兩個獨立的屬,但近年多份分類學研究以分子遺傳學方式對犬吻蝠科進行分類釐定(Lamb et al., 2011; Ammerman et al., 2012, 2013; Amador et al., 2016),發現這兩個屬應歸類為同一個屬,而Mops  Lesson, 1842 具命名優先權。 |
外形特徵 | |
毛色: | 體毛短,濃密柔軟,背毛呈均勻的暗褐色或灰黑色,腹毛較淺色(基部暗褐色、末端灰色或白色) |
耳朵: | 耳殼寬厚,向前突出,雙耳前基部在額部以狹皮層相連;耳殼前緣呈略顯平面的三角形,後緣內側具6條橫脊,耳尖圓鈍,背面具數粒乳突;對耳屏發達明顯,但耳屏極小,被對耳屏完全遮蓋;耳殼及耳屏均為灰黑色 |
頭部: | 鼻部突出,鼻孔上緣有一列乳突;上唇肥厚,較下唇寬大,且具縱行皺褶;鼻吻部及上唇皺褶具少量黑色的剌狀毛;眼睛較大 |
四肢: | 後足較小,腳趾及爪部份被長毛覆蓋,第一及第五腳趾較粗大,外緣具一列刷狀排列的白色勺狀毛,底層為密集勺狀短毛,夾雜些稀疏的勺狀長毛;翼膜連接至脛骨底部 |
尾部: | 尾長約體長的一半,粗壯無毛,一半以上從股間膜穿出;腳距發達,由足踝延伸至尾膜外緣之2/3,無距緣膜 |
體形及體重測量 | |
體型: | 中型犬吻蝠 |
軀幹: | 65.0 - 75.0 mm |
尾長: | 28.0 - 40.0 mm |
耳長: | 16.0 - 24.0 mm |
後足: | 8.0 - 12.0 mm |
前臂: | 40.0 - 50.0 mm |
體重: | 13.0 - 31.0 g |
翼形參數 | |
翼長: | 0.202 m |
翼面積: | 0.005 m2 |
翼載: | 20.58 - 28.42 N/m2 (高) |
翼展比: | 15.47 - 19.08 (高) |
翼尖指數: | - |
參考資料: | Leelapaibul et al., 2005 |
生態資料
生境: | 穴棲性蝙蝠,大型群落一般棲息於溶洞,相對小型的群落亦棲息在岩縫、廢棄建築及寺廟等。 |
習性: | 習慣群棲,群落規模一般十分龐大,由數百至數百萬隻不等。越南最大型的群落(季節性)在諒山省的一溶洞內,估算超過300萬隻;泰國最大型的群落在考崇普蘭寺的蝙蝠洞(Khao Chong Pran Cave),估算有260萬隻;馬來西亞最大的群落在沙巴的哥曼東洞(Gomantong Caves),估算有27萬隻;而中國有記錄的大型群落則在貴州省荔波縣的天生橋溶洞(Tianshengqiao Cave),估算有10萬隻。本地至今仍沒有其棲息的洞穴的記錄,只有零星的個體記錄,多數為誤入建築物的個體。 |
繁殖: | 一年兩次繁殖周期,泰國、緬甸及柬埔寨的群落的懷孕期在二至三月及八至九月,而生產期則在四月及十月,每胎生產一隻。 |
冬眠: | 全年活躍,不冬眠。 |
飛行: | 翼形狹長(翼載及翼展比非常高),擁有極快的飛行速度(平均 10.38 ± 0.85 m/s)及優秀的飛行效率,適合長距離飛行;雖然機動性較差,但擁有良好的敏捷性,能在高速飛行時以優秀的滾轉能力轉彎、爬升及俯衝。一般習慣以高速及直線方式在高空飛翔,偏好於空曠的空域(農地、米田)飛行。出洞時,會集體飛離,在高空組成一條帶狀隊列飛行,連綿不斷。回洞時,會先在離洞約0.5 - 1 公里外結集,並爬升到約200米高空,再以高速(最高 20 m/s)俯衝回洞穴。 |
覓食: | 全晚活動型蝙蝠,在傍晚日落前開始集體外出覓外,覓食範圍十分廣闊,直徑可達約27公里。覓食的空域高度可由地面至離地200米。其覓食的空域高度會隨著時間及穩定邊界層變化,日落至零晨時段,一般會在地面至100米之間覓食;零晨至日出時段,則會慢慢爬升到200米高空覓食。於傍晚,一般會在地面空曠的覓食地(如米田、開闊水體及樹冠層上空等)覓食。 |
食性: | 食蟲性蝙蝠,於空中捕食昆蟲。主要以雙翅目、同翅目、鱗翅目、半翅目及鞘翅目為食,多以同翅目為主食,例如白背飛蝨(Sogatella furcifera)及 褐稻蝨(Nilaparvata lugens)。雌蝠比雄蝠較偏好捕食鱗翅目及鞘翅目,並較少捕食蜻蛉目。雙翅目多在高海拔藉著風力擴散,同翅目亦習慣在高海拔遷移,因此有利於高空飛行的蝙蝠捕食。 |
泰國中部皺唇犬吻蝠食性
(Thongjued et al., 2018)
泰國中部皺唇犬吻蝠食性
(Leelapaibul et al., 2005)
泰國中部皺唇犬吻蝠食性
(Srilopan, 2018)
分布概況
本地分布: | 全港均有潛在分布 |
全球分布: | 印度、斯里蘭卡、緬甸、中國、泰國、老撾、越南、柬埔寨、婆羅洲、爪哇、小巽他群島(巴厘島和龍目島)以及菲律賓均有分布;孟加拉國很可能有潛在分布,但需要進一步證實。馬來半島和蘇門答臘的記錄需要進一步驗證,以確定這些族群是否已經消失或被錯誤識別。 (Don & Russell, 2019) |
本地分布地圖
全球分布地圖
(Taylor et al., 2019)
本地狀況及載列名錄
首次紀錄: | 1957年 |
物種來源: | 原生 |
本地現況: | 稀有 (Shek, 2006a) |
國內現況: | 無危 (中國脊椎動物紅色名錄) |
全球現況: | 無危 (IUCN紅色名錄) |
潛在威脅: | 待續 |
回聲定位
本章節包含標題物種在自然情況下所發出的回聲定位及社交聲波之能量型聲紋圖譜,
如有需要,請先註冊會員,並以電郵方式聯絡小蝙申請閱讀權限。
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Call structure | QCF-FM |
Duration | 7.70 ms |
Inter pulse interval | 85.20 ms |
Peak frequency | 27.60 kHz |
Highest frequency | 39.70 kHz |
Lowest frequency | 17.80 kHz |
錄音地區: | 斯里蘭卡 |
錄音方式: | 人手放飛 |
參考資料: | Kusuminda & Yapa, 2017 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Call structure | QCF-FM |
Duration | 7.0 ± 3.4 ms |
Inter pulse interval | - |
Peak frequency | - |
Start frequency | 38.40 ± 2.60 kHz |
End frequency | 12.60 ± 2.10 kHz |
錄音地區: | 越南 |
錄音方式: | 人手放飛/野生叫聲 |
參考資料: | Thong et al., 2022 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Call structure | FM |
Duration | 12.31 ms |
Inter pulse interval | 147.2 ms |
Peak frequency | 23.65 kHz |
Start frequency | 35.88 kHz |
End frequency | 19.76 kHz |
錄音地區: | 印度 |
錄音方式: | 野生叫聲 |
參考資料: | Deshpande & Kelkar, 2015 |
參考資料
Amador, L.I., Moyers Arévalo R.L., Almeida F.C., Catalano S. A., & Giannini, N.P. (2016). Bat systematics in the light of unconstrained analyses of a comprehensive molecular supermatrix. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2016, 1-34.
Ammerman, L. K., Brashear, W. A., & Bartlett, S.N. (2013). Further evidence for the basal divergence of Cheiromeles (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Acta Chiropterologica, 15(2), 307-312.
Ammerman, L. K., Lee, D. N., & Tipps, T. M. (2012). First molecular phylogenetic insights into the evolution of free-tailed bats in the subfamily Molossinae (Molossidae, Chiroptera). Journal of Mammalogy, 93(1), 12-28.
Deshpande, K., & Kelkar, N. (2015). Acoustic identification of Otomops wroughtoni and other free-tailed bat species (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from India. Acta Chiropterologica, 17(2), 419-428.
Gregorin, R., & Cirranello, A. (2016). Phylogeny of Molossidae Gervais (Mammalia: Chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. Cladistics, 32(1), 2-35.
Hillman, A. (1999). The study on wrinkled-lipped free-tailed bats (Tadarida plicata) at Khao Chong Pran Non-hunting Area, Ratchaburi Province. Royal Forest Department Journal, 1(1), 72-83.
JOHNSON, C. G. 1969. Migration and dispersal
Lamb, J. M., Ralph, T., Naidoo, T., Taylor, P. J., Ratrimomanarivo, F., Stanley, W. T., & Goodman, S. M. (2011). Toward a molecular phylogeny for the Molossidae (Chiroptera) of the Afro-Malagasy region. Acta Chiropterologica, 13(1): 1-16.
Leelapaibul, W., Bumrungsri, S., & Pattanawiboon, A. (2005). Diet of wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Tadarida plicata Buchannan, 1800) in central Thailand: insectivorous bats potentially act as biological pest control agents. Acta Chiropterologica, 7(1), 111-119.
Jeyapraba, L., Margaret, I. V., Addline, D., & Sakthi, V. (2023). Prediction of foraging strategy of insectivorous bats through their wing morphology. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(3S), 1,903-1,917.
Jiang, Z. G., Jiang, J. P., Wang, Y. Z., Zhang, E., Zhang, Y. Y., Li, L. L., Xie, F., Cai, B., Cao, L., Zheng, G. M., Dong, L., Zhang, Z. W., Ding, P., Luo, Z. H., Ding, C. Q., Ma, Z. J., Tang, S. H., Cao, W. X., Li, C. W., Hu, H. J., Ma, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, Y. X., Zhou, K. Y., Liu, S. Y., Chen, Y. Y., Li, J. T., Feng, Z. J., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Li, C., Song, X. L., Cai, L., Zang, C. X., Zeng, Y., Meng, Z. B., Fang, H. X., & Ping, X. G. (2016). Red List of China’s Vertebrates. Biodiversity Science 24(5), 500‑551.
Kusuminda, T., & Yapa, W. B. (2017). First record of a Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon plicatus Buchannan, 1800 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Molossidae) colony in Sri Lanka, with notes on echolocation calls and taxonomy. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 9(4), 10115-10120.
Ngoc Nguyen, T. (2018). Vertical stratification in foraging activity of the wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat, chaerephon plicatus (buchanan, 1800) in Central Thailand. [Doctoral dissertation, Prince of Songkla University].
McFarlane, D. A., Van Rentergem, G., Ruina, A., Lundberg, J., & Christenson, K. (2015). Estimating colony size of the wrinkle-lipped bat, Chaerephon plicatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) at Gomantong, Sabah, by quantitative image analysis. Acta Chiropterologica, 17(1), 171-177.
Norberg, U. M., & Rayner, J. M. (1987). Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 316(1179), 335-427.
Shek, C. T. (2006)a. A Field Guide to the Terrestrial Mammals of Hong Kong. Friends of country park and cosmos book limited.
Shek, C. T. (2006)b. Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon plicata 皺唇犬吻蝠) in Hong Kong . Hong Kong Biodiversity, 11, 11.
Simmons, N.B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2024). Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Version 1.5. Accessed on 02/23/2024.
Srilopan, S. (2018). Diet of the wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Chaerephon plicatus Buchannan, 1800) in central Thailand. [Doctoral dissertation, Prince of Songkla University].
Taylor, P., Lim, B., Pennay, M., Soisook, P., Kingston, T., Loureiro, L., & Moras, L. (2019). Molossidae. In Mittermeier, R. A., & Wilson, D. E. (Eds.), Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats (pp. 598-672). Lynx Edicions.
Thong, V. D. (2014). Taxonomic and distributional assessments of Chaerephon plicatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Vietnam. Academia Journal of Biology, 36(4), 479-486.
Thong, V. D., Limbert, H., & Limbert, D. (2022). First Records of Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the World’s Largest Cave in Vietnam. Diversity, 14(7), 534.
Thongjued, K., Chotigeat, W., Bumrungsri, S., & Kitpipit, T. (2018). A preliminary diet analysis of wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Chaerephon plicatus, Buchannan, 1800) using direct PCR-DGGE technique. Proceedings of the International Bioscience Conference and the 7th Joint International PSU-UNS Bioscience, 114-119.
Voigt, C. C., Bumrungsri, S., & Roeleke, M. (2019). Rapid descent flight by a molossid bat (Chaerephon plicatus) returning to its cave. Mammalian Biology, 95, 15-17.
Yang, T., Hou, X., Wang, Y., & Zhou, J. (2014). Bat species diversity and conservation in Libo World Natural Heritage site of south China Karst. Biodiversity Science, 22(3), 385.
Zhang, J. S. (2010). The bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of China: an integrative approach to the taxonomy [Doctoral dissertation, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences].
其他資料庫
Hong Kong Bat Radar. (19/10/2024). A Field Guide to Bats of Hong Kong: Wrinkle-lipped Free-Tailed Bat (Mops plicatus ). https://hkbatradar.com/en/mops_plicatus